Data transformation converts raw data into an analyzable format. This step involves structuring, filtering, and aggregating data to prepare it for analysis.
| Transformation Type | Description | Common Techniques |
|---|---|---|
| Aggregation | Summarizing data, such as calculating totals or averages. | GROUP BY (SQL), pivot tables (Excel, Pandas). |
| Encoding | Converting categorical data into numerical form. | One-hot encoding, label encoding (scikit-learn). |
| Feature Scaling | Standardizing numerical values to improve model performance. | Normalization, Standardization (scikit-learn). |